Kamis, 08 Desember 2011

Sejarah Uang Indonesia





Masa Awal Kemerdekaan

Keadaan ekonomi di Indonesia pada awal kemerdekaan ditandai dengan hiperinflasi akibat peredaran beberapa mata uang yang tidak terkendali, sementara Pemerintah RI belum memiliki mata uang. Ada tiga mata uang yang dinyatakan berlaku oleh pemerintah RI pada tanggal 1 Oktober 1945, yaitu mata uang Jepang, mata uang Hindia Belanda, dan mata uang De Javasche Bank.

Diantara ketiga mata uang tersebut yang nilai tukarnya mengalami penurunan tajam adalah mata uang Jepang. Peredarannya mencapai empat milyar sehingga mata uang Jepang tersebut menjadi sumber hiperinflasi. Lapisan masyarakat yang paling menderita adalah petani, karena merekalah yang paling banyak menyimpan mata uang Jepang.

Kekacauan ekonomi akibat hiperinflasi diperparah oleh kebijakan Panglima AFNEI (Allied Forces Netherlands East Indies) Letjen Sir Montagu Stopford yang pada 6 Maret 1946 mengumumkan pemberlakuan mata uang NICA di seluruh wilayah Indonesia yang telah diduduki oleh pasukan AFNEI. Kebijakan ini diprotes keras oleh pemerintah RI, karena melanggar persetujuan bahwa masing-masing pihak tidak boleh mengeluarkan mata uang baru selama belum adanya penyelesaian politik. Namun protes keras ini diabaikan oleh AFNEI. Mata uang NICA digunakan AFNEI untuk membiayai operasi-operasi militernya di Indonesia dan sekaligus mengacaukan perekonomian nasional, sehingga akan muncul krisis kepercayaan rakyat terhadap kemampuan pemerintah RI dalam mengatasi persoalan ekonomi nasional.

Karena protesnya tidak ditanggapi, maka pemerintah RI mengeluarkan kebijakan yang melarang seluruh rakyat Indonesia menggunakan mata uang NICA sebagai alat tukar. Langkah ini sangat penting karena peredaran mata uang NICA berada di luar kendali pemerintah RI, sehingga menyulitkan perbaikan ekonomi nasional.

Oleh karena AFNEI tidak mencabut pemberlakuan mata uang NICA, maka pada tanggal 26 Oktober 1946 pemerintah RI memberlakukan mata uang baru ORI (Oeang Republik Indonesia) sebagai alat tukar yang sah di seluruh wilayah RI. Sejak saat itu mata uang Jepang, mata uang Hindia Belanda dan mata uang De Javasche Bank dinyatakan tidak berlaku lagi. Dengan demikian hanya ada dua mata uang yang berlaku yaitu ORI dan NICA. Masing-masing mata uang hanya diakui oleh yang mengeluarkannya. Jadi ORI hanya diakui oleh pemerintah RI dan mata uang NICA hanya diakui oleh AFNEI. Rakyat ternyata lebih banyak memberikan dukungan kepada ORI. Hal ini mempunyai dampak politik bahwa rakyat lebih berpihak kepada pemerintah RI dari pada pemerintah sementara NICA yang hanya didukung AFNEI.

Untuk mengatur nilai tukar ORI dengan valuta asing yang ada di Indonesia, pemerintah RI pada tanggal 1 November 1946 mengubah Yayasan Pusat Bank pimpinan Margono Djojohadikusumo menjadi Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI). Beberapa bulan sebelumnya pemerintah juga telah mengubah bank pemerintah pendudukan Jepang Shomin Ginko menjadi Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) danTyokin Kyoku menjadi Kantor Tabungan Pos (KTP) yang berubah nama pada Juni 1949 menjadi Bank tabungan Pos dan akhirnya di tahun 1950 menjadi Bank Tabungan Negara (BTN). Semua bank ini berfungsi sebagai bank umum yang dijalankan oleh pemerintah RI. Fungsi utamanya adalah menghimpun dan menyalurkan dana masyarakat serta pemberi jasa di dalam lalu lintas pembayaran.

Terbentuknya Bank Indonesia

Jauh sebelum kedatangan bangsa barat, nusantara telah menjadi pusat perdagangan internasional. Sementara di daratan Eropa muncul lembaga perbankan sederhana, seperti Bank van Leening di negeri Belanda. Sistem perbankan ini kemudian dibawa oleh bangsa barat yang mengekspansi nusantara pada waktu yang sama. VOC di Jawa pada 1746 mendirikan De Bank van Leening yang kemudian menjadi De Bank Courant en Bank van Leening pada 1752. Bank itu adalah bank pertama yang lahir di nusantara, cikal bakal dari dunia perbankan pada masa selanjutnya.

Pada 24 Januari 1828, pemerintah Hindia Belanda mendirikan bank sirkulasi dengan nama De Javasche Bank (DJB). Selama berpuluh-puluh tahun bank tersebut beroperasi dan berkembang berdasarkan suatu oktroi dari penguasa Kerajaan Belanda, hingga akhirnya diundangkan DJB Wet 1922.

Masa pendudukan Jepang telah menghentikan kegiatan DJB dan perbankan Hindia Belanda untuk sementara waktu. Kemudian masa revolusi tiba, Hindia Belanda mengalami dualisme kekuasaan, antara Republik Indonesia (RI) dan Nederlandsche Indische Civil Administrative (NICA). Perbankan pun terbagi dua, DJB dan bank-bank Belanda di wilayah NICA sedangkan "Jajasan Poesat Bank Indonesia" dan Bank Negara Indonesia di wilayah RI. Konferensi Meja Bundar (KMB) 1949 mengakhiri konflik Indonesia dan Belanda, ditetapkan kemudian DJB sebagai bank sentral bagi Republik Indonesia Serikat (RIS). Status ini terus bertahan hingga masa kembalinya RI dalam negara kesatuan. Berikutnya sebagai bangsa dan negara yang berdaulat, RI menasionalisasi bank sentralnya. Maka sejak 1 Juli 1953 berubahlah DJB menjadi Bank Indonesia, bank sentral bagi Republik Indonesia.

Banyak orang lupa, bahwa Yogyakarta selama empat tahun pernah menjadi ibukota Republik Indonesia. Tepatnya pada 4 Januari 1946 sampai 27 Desember 1949 ibukota Republik Indonesia ada di Yogyakarta.

Berpindahnya ibukota RI saat itu bukan tanpa alasan, situasi Jakarta kala itu dalam kondisi tidak aman dan roda pemerintahan RI macet total akibat adanya unsur-unsur yang saling berlawanan. Di satu pihak masih adanya pasukan Jepang yang memegang satus quo, di pihak lain adanya sekutu yang diboncengi NICA. Singkatnya, situasi Jakarta makin genting dan keselamatan para pemimpin bangsa pun terancam. Atas inisiatif HB IX, ibukota RI berpindah ke Yogyakarta. Hijrah ibukota RI itu merupakan atas nasehat dan prakarsa Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX dan dari Yogyalah persoalan politik bangsa dikoordinasikan. Semua itu bisa berhasil dengan baik berkat kepemimpinan HB IX.

Dipilihnya Yogya sebagai ibukota RI karena pandangan politik ke depan dan keberanian Sultan HB IX mengambil resiko. Sehingga dapat dikatakan HB IX dan masyarakatnya merupakan penyambung kelangsungn RI dalam menghadapi agresi militer Belanda. Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX merupakan aktor intelektualis yang memiliki multi status. Selain sebagai Raja, kepala derah, menteri pertahanan, Sultan adalah key person dan juru runding dengan Belanda, juga sebagai figur kunci birokrasi sipil di Indonesia. Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX yang aslinya bernama G.R.M Dorojatun, sejak diangkat menjadi Sultan 18 Maret 1940, menggantikan ayahnya Sri Sultan HB VIII sudah dekat dengan kalangan rakyat dan tentu saja beliau memahami aspirasi rakyat, termasuk penderitaan dan harapannya semasa penjajahan Belanda dan Jepang.

Karena perpindahan ibukota inilah maka semua uang ORI yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1946 s/d 1949 yaitu seri ORI II, III, IV dan ORI Baru tercantum kata2 Djokjakarta. Bukan lagi Djakarta seperti pada seri ORI I.

Jumat, 04 November 2011

THE GLOBAL CORPORATION

The preceding 20 years have witnessed a widespread restructuring of the corporate landscape. An estimated 50.000 corporations now have operations that are primarily global in scope. Their predecessors were multinational corporations (MNCs), with sales and manufacturing branches abroad, but with all major functions, including the international branches, run from headquarters back home.
The new global corporation typically has a tight, lean headquarters staff, but scatters its other functions-research and development, accounting, procurement, and sales-wherever the people are the best and the costs lowest. This corporation seldom has an international department, because the entire corporation is international. Multinational corporation that have evolved into global corporations include Ford Motor Company, General Motors Corporation, Royal Dutch/Shell Group, BP Amoco PLC, Siemens AG, Nestle S.A., and Zenith Electronics Corporation, among many others.
Global corporations, in turn, are reshaping the political and social landscape. During the last 50 years, major corporations in the United States and other industrialized nations struck a social compact with their employees andcommunities, through a web of labor agreements, environmental an tax laws, charitable giving, and other obligations, voluntary or imposed. The global corporation is now mobile enough to escape these obligations and break the social compact. Companies that once competed domestically with other companies sharing the same social obligations now compete with firms halfways around te globe, where environmental laws may not exist and pay scales are a fraction of Western wages.
In the United States , for example, hundreds of corporations-from automakers to electronics manufacturers-have moved jobs from high wage U.S. facilities to low-wage plants in Mexico and other Latin American nations. In respons to this trend, policy makers in the United States have reduced corporate taxes in an effort to keep at least some bussiness operations at home. United States federal tax receipts tell part of the story: Corporations that once paid a full 30 percent of total federal taxes have seen their tax share fall to 12 percent.
Troughout much of the industrialized world, declining corporate taxes mean less money for welfare, unemployment, and other social programs thet were initially established to help economically vulnerable workers. In the future, political debates will likely focus on efforts by governments and citizens’ groups to force corporations to resume their economic and social obligations in a sense, to declare their corporate citizenship-when they no longer are geographically bound to any particular location.

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BANK


The bank would be established on the principles of “Shirkat” that is a number of persons providing share capital to be jointly invested, hereafter called ‘shareholders’. The shareholders would finance enterprises, on the basis of partnership or ‘mudlarabah’ and render other services against fees or commission.
The minimum number of shareholders must be two. No maximum number can be fixed, theoretically, but for operational convenience as well as other reasons sum upper limit, varying with local conditions, is appropriate. The number of shareholders should be too great and in their best interest, should be kept to the minimum, though always more than two.
The amount of capital provided by each shareholders may be equal or mary vary. Ideally, sharevalue might be fixed (e.g. at Rp.1000.000) per share with each shareholders being allowed to secure as many shares as he wishes. The minimum and maximum limits of the subscribed capital may also be specified. Ultimately, each shareholders would become the owner of the bank, proportionately with the level of his assets in the total investment.
The distribution of the bank’s profits should be appropriate to the size of capital investment (number of shares) and, for this purpose, the total profit may be devided by the total investment in the bank to determine the percentage payable to each individual shareholder. There is, however, every justification for some formula of some formula of disproportionate distribution of profit, given that some shareholders would be more competent and willing than others to effectively promote the business and take on managerial responsibilities. But for the sake of smooth running of the bank’s business and for establishment of a meaningful accounting system, profit distribution should, in our view, be based upon the number of paid-up shares, bearing in mind (in the light of the principles of the shari’a for partnership) that if the bank goes into loss in any year, no shareholders can escape his liability, and must share the loss, in proportion to the size of his shares.
Consent for the acquisition of additional capital (either on credit or on the basis of mudlarabah), to promote and expand the bank’s business would be binding upon every partner to the bank. The bank would also be authorized advance loans and offer monetary investment to individuals or to organizations. It would of course, have the right to acqiure the services of administrative, excecutive and clerical staff and the purchase and hire transport, buildings and other requisites for it use. For such expenditure and for any other expenditure necessary to operate its business on sound lines, the bank would be allowed to draw upon its capital. Conversely, every partner as a private individual would be allowed to participate in any other business or enterprise and invest money or accept loans in partnership or on the basis of mudlarabah. His personal enterprises, as a private individual, would have nothing to do with the business of the bank.
All major decisions regarding overall operation of the bank would be made with the mutual understanding of the partners. If, however, the number of partners is very large, power to take decisions on various matters (which should be determined beforehand) would be delegated to a council of Representatives. Day-to-day decisions on routine business matters would be entrusted to salaried managers whose appointment and removal would rest in the hands of the partners or the Council of Representatives.
Banking is a continuous activity which cannot be reckoned to have anded at anyone particular moment. In view of this, it is in the partner’s interest to adopt an appropriate method for calculating profit and loss-the method should suit the organization as well as the partners. It would be advisable to have the account of the bank audited annually and a statement of profits and losses prepared. After calculating overall balance, the share of individual partners should be worked out. Profit should be paid out. In case of loss, the individual partner should be duly notified that his capital has been debited by the amount of his share of the loss and has accordingly decreased. The partnership agreement should then be renewed and the business continued for the next year. The account of every financial year should be separately recorded and dividends already distributed non-recoverable, for making good losses incurred during the current year, not should the profit earned be edjusted against the losses suffered. In the event of loss, any partner would, of course, have the right to make up the deficiency in his capital investment by fresh deposits.
Every partner should have the right to withdraw from the partnership at any time. As soon as the bank receives notice of withdrawal, efforts should be made to complete the amount of the bank’s collective business so that the partner’s share-capital is returned along with the profit he has earned. If it is necessary to some time for the finalization of the account say till the end of the running quarter of the year this should be done. It can bo provided for in the partnership agreement that a partner may withdraw from partnership only at the end of the financial yaer or the time of quarterly settlement of accounts. After the withdraw of a partner or partners, the partnership will continue so far as the other partners are concerned. In the event of a partner’s death the partnership will cease to exist as far as that partner is concerned and after preparing the accounts on the lines mentioned, his share capital plus his profit or minus his loss, must be returned to his legal heirs or to the persons nominated in the will of the deceased. He heir or heirs may be admitted to partnership if he or they so desire and provided that the other partners do not object to their admission.
As the bank would authorized to receive and advance loans, the financial liability of a partner should not be limited to the extent of his share-capital, but should in priciple be unlimited. As no theoritical limit can be imposed on the bank in the matter of receiving and advancing loans, it follows that the financial obligations of each partner will be unlimited. If the bank suffers losses such that its capital is insufficient to pay its liabilities, the deficiency must be met by the partners from their personal assets. However, if a partner has undertaken some financial responsibilities in a private capacity, other partners will not be bound to share them, nor will the bank be sheld responsible for them in any way.

Kamis, 09 Juni 2011

MY PROFILE




13 mei 1991 aku dilahirkan di kota Sidoarjo, anak kedua dari empat bersaudara. Anak pertama dari empat saudara tersebut bernama Muhammad Mabrur Akbar, yang kedua (saya sendiri) Muhammad Syukron Maulana, yang ketiga Muhammad Mujahidin Al-haq, dan yang terakhir Suci Dina Amaliyyah.

Berpendidikan : TK Islamiyyah Sidoarjo (1994-1997), MI Thoriqussalam Sidoarjo (1997-2003), Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor (2003-2010), ISID (Insitut Studi Islam Darussalam) (2010- sekarang) fakultas syari’ah jurusan Mu’amalat (manajemen Islam).

Rencana pendidikan ke depan, S1 di ISID (Insitut Studi Islam Darussalam), S2 di Qatar university (Qatar), dan S3 insya Allah di German.

Hobi : browsing internet, maen game, drawing, melukis, watching movie, dengar musik, baca novel buku ekonomi, dan buku-buku tentang teknik atau komputer, tilawatul qur’an.

Motto : “Menjalani hidup dengan semampunya tanpa menengok kebelakang yang membuat kita ragu untuk maju kedepan”, semampunya bukan berarti pasrah, tapi berusaha semampunya sehingga tidak ada unsur paksaan di dalam hidup yang menjadikan paksaan tersebut sebagai negative thinking. Dan motto yang ku dapatkan dari salah satu teman baikku yaitu, “Membahagiakan orang lain adalah segalanya”. Dan motto tentang persahabatan yang ku dapat dari imternet adalah “Orang yang lemah adalah orang yang menyia-nyiakan yemannya”.

Cita-cita : menjadi dosen dan bussinessman muslim, orang yang bermanfaat bagi keluarga dan orang lain, membawa orang tua menunaikan rukun Islam kelima, yaitu haji.

Jumat, 03 Juni 2011

APA BENAR YANG MEREKA BILANG???

Apabila rasulullah bersabda : sebaik-baik manusia adalah manusia yang capat bermanfaat bagi orang lain.

Bagaimana dengan orang yang tidak sempurna yang tidak bisa member manfaat bagi orang lain, melainkan hanya merepotkan saja?

Apabila menurut seseorang membahagiakan orang lain adalah segalanya.

Bagaimana dengan yang ingin membahagiakan orang lain sedangkan dia tidak bisa membahagiakan dirinya sendiri karena segala kekurangannya?

Apabila orang bilang bilang " barang siapa ingin mendapatkan kesuksesan, berpositif thinkinglah!".

Lalu bagaimana dengan orang yang ingin sukses sedangkan orang tersebut tidak memiliki sedikitpun hal yang positif dari dirinya?

Renungan seorang sahabat karena dia merasa hanya menjadi benalu bagi teman-temannya………

Minggu, 15 Mei 2011

DI DALAM JIWAKU

Di Dalam Jiwaku

di dalam jiwaku
tersimpul berjuta bayang
yang ingin sekali
terurai menjadi pijar pijar cinta yang suci
menjadi lentera lentera malam yang tenang
menjadi butiran mutiara yang bersinar
menjadi eter yang melingkupi semesta
dengan penuh cinta tulus terjaga
di dalam jiwaku terukir beribu kalam ilahi
menjadi syair rabbani
menjadi syiar syiar damai

DUNIA TANPA SUARA


Dunia Tanpa Suara

Suara dan kehidupan
kedua unsur tak terpisahkan
Menghiasi setiap segi di dunia
Meluapkan kebersamaan sosial
Keadaan kini berbeda
Manusia tengah meratap
Terdiam namun menjerit
Tertidur namun tetap terjaga
Andai alam tak mengamuk
manusia kan tetap tersenyum
Menandakan kehidupan di bumi
Melukiskan kisah kesenangan
Kini dunia telah berduka
Para manusia telah berkabung
Meratap juga terisak
Menjadikan Dunia Tanpa Suara

Selasa, 15 Maret 2011

Positive Thinking and Your Creative Mind - 7 Steps to Success

Positive Thinking and Your Creative Mind - 7 Steps to Success
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You have a bright idea hidden somewhere in the back of your mind that you just can't wait to test out. The question is, do you really want to bring it out into the light? What could motivate you to churn your creative, inspiring juices to their utmost flavor?

Did you know that it always helps to set a time limit to your personal goals? Set yourself up so you can accomplish the most tasks in record time. For example, mowing the lawn in an hour before the big game on TV. A correct and positive attitude in whatever you do will make things easier, and even enjoyable.

It's simple. If you begin to allow yourself a bit of positive thinking then you will begin to realize things that you never thought possible. Thinking big is indeed the American Way and that what made our country prosperous. You can follow other great Americans who tapped into their creative mind and began to thing big..

Discover some tips to make it through your first week of possibility thinking even if you're just sitting in your favorite couch. Your mind is constantly at work for you. Tap into it's great resource while doing everyday activities.

1. Act. You must take passionate action towards living your life by design. Talk is cheap. Action = deposits in the bank of a passionately authentic future. My mother (probably quoting someone else) always said, "Action speaks louder than words". Without action, passion is void.
Dreams become reality when you simply start by tinkering with your mind, then with your hands. And if the idea weakens or falters you can always go back to it later until you finish it. Thomas Edison and his Dream Team had to go back to the idea of a light bulb and recalculate it over 1,000 times before the first working light bulb begin to light the world.

2. Love. Commit to yourself. Then commit to those you love to powerfully create a life you can love. Instead of reacting, commit to creating from your heart and soul, out of love rather than fear. The American Dream will always be there, but a dream will still be a dream without motion. Be amazed as the transformation begins.
3. Live. Embrace moments and opportunities. Recognize and embrace the thought that each moment is perfect regardless of its outcome. Every time you hit on something that may appear too extreme why not give it a shot anyway. See if it will work. You may be surprised with the results. If you are not then decide to use that moment to learn from it and make the appropriate shift. Learning and growing from mistakes and failures is a part of living.
4. Be grateful. Dwell completely in a place of gratitude. Learn to utilize what you have in your hands and make use of it in the most constructive way. Necessity is the mother of invention. Have you ever been stuck without something you needed and had to make do with something else? (MacGyver,from the famous tv show, was famous for that!) How grateful were you that you had the means to solve your situation? Slipping into neediness will become less of a habit when you repeatedly shift towards gratitude and away from poverty consciousness.
5. Be Passionate. Use a Passion Formula of Recognize/Reevaluate/Restore in place of the Shoulda/Woulda/Coulda whirlwind. The former is based on increased knowledge and abundance while the latter focuses on scarcity and lack. As you face people or tasks that may seem harder than scaling the summit of the Himalayas, allow yourself to realize that the task is just as important as giving out orders to your subordinates. You would rather be richly passionate!
6. Laugh. Keep humor at the forefront of thought, laughing at and with yourself whenever possible. You may find yourself quite entertaining when you loosen up! I have yet to see a comedian ever go hungry even though his jokes are as 'old as great-grandma'. Life has too much to offer to allow yourself to mope around in self pity. Humor is very attractive, very passionate: life-giving.
7. Discover Your Purpose. Believe that you are the architect of your destiny. Realizing how you wish to be remembered when you pass from this life is a truly driving force. Your purpose for being can be a seemingly simple as being a great parent to as elaborate as discovering miraculous cures.

When you have a strong purpose no one can take your passionate future from you except for you! Truly, as long as there's still breath in your body, there is no end to how much you can accomplish in a lifetime. Discovering and following your purpose will enable you to enjoy your work. Celebrate in the discovery that acting on your creative mind's thoughts is fulfilling your purpose. Watch everything flow into place with perfect, passionate precision.

Activate your positive thinking. Stretch your imagination. Think bigger than you feel comfortable. Act on your thoughts. The number one tip here is action. You want to start practicing these steps.

Think about this: It is unfortunate that so many people still do not use a computer because it appears too complicated to begin using. Or maybe they just keep putting it off till a more convenient time. These are just a couple of limitations one can set up for themselves. Limitations and failure to act on ideas and opportunities leave many as a dim bulb in a dark corner.

Alert! You are not doomed to darkness. You are interested in living a life of purpose and love. The wonderful, creative idea in you is about to be released. You are interested in doing this because you are reading this article. Fortunately if you truly desire something, the will to attain it will open your creative mind to find a way.

Now you need only to begin to act on your desire to create. Act now! Make your path to creativity and follow your purpose. Take your first step today with a positive attitude.

Self-Employed Tax Strategies

Self-Employed Tax Strategies
Self-employed individuals always cringe at the amount of taxes the pay to the IRS and state. Here are tax strategies for self-employed individuals that reduce those tax amounts.
Tax Strategies The good news is being self-employed is one of the best tax strategies out there. Unlike a salaried employee, the full scope of tax credits and deductions available in the tax code are now available to you. The key, of course, is understanding the available deductions and organizing your business in a manner that allows you to maximize the write-offs.
The number one tax strategy for self-employed individuals is to keep receipts for every business expense and write them off. Practically anything can be deducted, so do it. Acceptable expenses include cell phone usage, business mileage, office supplies, home office deductions including part of mortgage or rent and so on. If you've filed a tax return while self-employed, you are probably already aware of this so lets move on to more specific tax strategies for self-employed individuals.
Maximizing you non-capital losses can result in major tax savings. If your expenses exceed your income for a year, you obviously will not have to pay taxes for that year. What most people don't realize, however, is that such losses can be carried forward for seven years and deducted against future income. Alternatively, the same losses can be carried backward three years to recover past taxes paid. The end result of this situation is you can turn a bad business year into an income generator by applying the losses to taxes in other years which effectively wipes out your tax bill for those years.
Another tax strategy is to look at your side businesses. If you have one business, you'll often have a second one that is tailored to making some money off a personal interest. While you are in it mostly because you like it, you may not realize it qualifies as a business and can help you reduce your taxes. Let's assume you are primarily a self-employed consultant, but also write travel articles on the side. You may view the travel articles as a hobby, but it is in fact a business. If you've sold or even tried to sell any of your articles to a publication, all of your expenses related to travel writing can be deducted from your taxable income. This includes trips and so on. These, deductions can significantly reduce your taxable income from the consulting business. Make sure to get a grasp of your overall business efforts, even if you don't really consider them to be a business.
Consider employing your children to save on taxes. A child under 18 that works for you does not have to pay FICA and so on. If the total wages for the year are under $4,250, they will pay no taxes and you can write off this amount as a legitimate business expense. Of course, the child needs to actually be doing a legitimate business task, but filing and similar manual tasks certainly will qualify.
Tax strategies for the self-employed are plentiful. If you are self-employed, consider getting professional help. A good professional will save you thousands upon thousands of dollars in taxes, more than making up for their fees. Oh, you can also deduct their fees!

Senin, 14 Maret 2011

Ekonomi Islam dalam Pandangan Adam Smith

Ekonomi Islam Dalam Teori Ekonomi Modern
Teori ekonomi islam sebenarnya bukan ilmu baru atau sesuatu diturnksn secara mendasar dari teori ekonomi yang ada sekarang. Sejarah membuktikan para pemikr Islam merupakan penmu atau peletak dasar semua bidang ilmu. Berikut ulasan bagaimana peranan ekonomi Islam dalam teori rkonomi modern.
Para ekonom muslim sendiri mengakui, mereka banyak membaca dan dipengaruhi oleh tulisan-tulisan Aristoteles (367-322 SM) sebagai filsuf yang banyak menulis masalah ekonomi. Namun, mereka tetap menjadikan Qur’an dan hadits sebagai rujukan utama dalam menulis teori-teori ekonomi Islam.
Schumperter menyebut dua kontribusi ekonom Scholastic, yaitu penemuan kembali tulisan-tulisan Aristoteles dan towering achievment At. Thomas Aquinus. Schumperter hanya menulis tiga baris dalsm catatan kakinya nama Ibnu Sina dan Ibnu Rusyd dalam kiaitan roses transmisi pemikiran Aristoteles kepada St. Thumas.
Pemikiran St. Thomas sendiri banyak yang bertentangan dengan dogma-dogma gereja sehingga para sejarawan menduga St. Thomas mencuri ide-ide itu dari para ekonom Islam. Adapun proses pencurian terjadi dalam berbagai bentuk.
Pada abad ke-11 dan ke-12 sejumlah pemikir Barat seperti Constantine the African, Adelard of Bath melakukan perjalanan ke Timur Tengah. Mereka belajar bahasa Arab dan melakukan studi serta membawa ilmu-ilmu baru ke Eropa. Contohnya, Leonardo Febonacci atau Leonardo of pisa belajar di Bougie, Aljazair pada abad ke-12. Ia juga belajar aritmatika dan matematika al-Khawarizmi dan sekembalinya dari sana ia menulis buku Liber Abaci pada 1202.
Raymond Lily (1223-1215) yang telah melakukan perjalan ke negara-negara Arab mendirikan lima universitas yang mengajarkan bahasa Arab sehingga banyak yangmenerjemahkan karya-karya ekonom Islam. Diantara penerjemah tersebut adalah Adelard of Bath, Constantine the African, Michael Scol, Hermaan the German, Dominic Gundislvi, John of serville, Plato o Trivoli, William of Luna, Robert Chester, Gerard of Cremona, Theodorus of Anticoch, Alfred of Sarashel, Baranger of Falancia, dan Mathew of Aquasparta.
Sementara itu, diantara penerjemah Yahudi adalah Jacob Anatolio, Jacob ben Macher Ibn Tibbon, Kalanymus ben Kalonymus, Moses ben solomon of Solon, Shem-Tob ben Isaac of tortosa, Solomon ibnu Ayyub, Todros Todrosi, Zerahiah Gracian, Faraj ban Salim, dan Yaqub ban Abbon Marie. Adapun karya-karya ekonom muslim yang diterjemahkan adalah al-Kindi, al-Farabi, Ibnu Sina, al-Ghazali, Ibnu Rusyd, al-Khawarizm, Ibnu Haitham, Ibnu Hazm, Jabir Ibnu Hayyan, Ibu Bajja, ar-Razi.
Beberapa institut ekonomi yang ditiru oleh Barat dari dunia Islam antara lain syirkah (serikat dagang),suftaja (bills of axchange). Hiwala (letters of credit), dar-ut Tiraz (pabrik uang didirikan dan dijalankan negara) di Spanyol, Sicilia, Palermo dan ma’una (sejenis privat bank) dikenal di Barat ebagai Maona. Beberapa pemikiran ekonom Islam yang dicuri tanpa pernah disebut sumber kutipannya antara lain:
• Teori Pareto Optimum diambil dari kitab Nahjul Balaghah Imam Ali.
• Bar Habraeus, pendata Syriac Jacobite Church menyalin beberapa bab ihya Ulumuddin al-Ghazali.
• Gresham law dan Oresme Treatise diambil dari kitab Ibnu Taimiyah.
• Pendeta Gereja Spanyol Ordo Dominician Raymond Martini menyalin banyak bab dari Tahafut al-Falasifa, Maqasid al-Falasifa, al-Munqid, Mishkatal-Anwar, dan Ihya-nya al-Ghazali.
• St. Thomas menyalin banyak bab dari al-Farabi (Stm Thomas yang belajar di Ordo Dominician mempelajari ide-ide al-Ghazali dari Bar Habraeus dan Martini).
• Bapak Ekonomi barat, Adam Smtih (1776 M), dengan bukunya The Wealth of Nation diduga banyak mendapatinspirasi dari buku al-amwal-nya Abu Ubaid (838 M) yang dalam bahasa inggrisnya adalah persis judul bukunya Adam Smith, The Wealth.
Banyak dari teori-teori ekonomi modern yang merupakan hasil curian dari pemikiran ekonomiIslam. Oleh karena itu, sikap umat Islam terhadap ilmu-ilmu dari Barat, termasuk ilmu ekonomi, adalah la tukadzibuhu jamii’a wala tushahibuhu jamii’a. Maka ekonom Islam tidak perlu terkesima dangan teori-teori ekonomi Barat. Ekonom Islam perlu mempunyai akses terhadapkitab-kitan klasik Islam.Fuqahha Islam perlu mempelajari akan teori-teori ekonomi modern agar dapat menerjemahkan kondisi ekonomimodern dalam bahasa kitab klasik Islam.

Jumat, 11 Maret 2011

Qatar


NEGARA QATAR
Sejarah
Setelah dominasi Inggris dan Kesultanan Utsmaniyah di Qatar, akhirnya Qatar menjadi negara yang merdeka pada 3 September 1971. Dahulu, Inggris menguasai Qatar sebagai tempat transito kapal dagang sebelum menuju India. Qatar kemudian memperoleh status sebagai dependen dari Inggris, kemudian status protektorat Inggris yang dihentikan pada tahun 1916.
Setelah Perang Dunia Kedua, Qatar berusaha memperoleh kemerdekaannya, terutama setelah India mencapai kemerdekaannya pada tahun 1950-an. Qatar makin gencar setelah Inggris memberikan kemerdekaan kepada Kuwait pada tahun 1961. Pemerintah Inggris menyatakan akan menghentikan penguasaan politik tapi tetap meneruskan penguasaan ekonomi di Qatar. Hal ini tidak dibiarkan oleh Qatar dengan membentuk Federasi Arab Teluk bersama dengan Bahrain.
Ekonomi
Awalnya, ekonomi Qatar difokuskan pada perikanan dan mutiara namun industri mutiara jatuh setelah munculnya mutiara yang dibudidayakan dari Jepang pada tahun 1920-an dan 1930-an. Transformasi ekonomi terjadi pada tahun 1940-an, yaitu pada masa penemuan simpanan minyak bumi. Sekarang, pemasukan utama Qatar adalah dari ekspor minyak dan gas bumi. Simpanan minyak negara ini diperkirakan sebesar 15 miliar barel (2,4 km³).
Untuk beberapa tahun ke depan, Qatar diperkirakan akan tetap fokus pada minyak dan gas bumi, namun sudah mulai mengembangkan sektor swasta. Pada 2004, Qatar Science & Technology Park dibuka untuk menarik dan melayani berbagai usaha berbasis teknologi, baik dari dalam maupun luar Qatar.
Dengan PDB per kapita nomor 2 tertinggi di dunia dengan perkiraan tahun 2008 sekitar $111.000[1]yang menjadikannya sebagai negara dengan taraf hidup penduduknya bisa disamakan bahkan lebih maju dibandingkan negara-negara Eropa Barat dengan berbagai layanan sosial dan fasilitas modern.
Governorat
Qatar dibagi menjadi 9 governorat (muhafazah):
Geografi
Dataran Qatar hanya sebesar 160 km dan lebih kecil dari negara bagian Connecticut di Amerika Serikat. Dataran Qatar terdiri dari gurun pasir. Tempat tertinggi di Qatar adalah di Jabal Dukhan. Area ini mengandung jumlah gas alam yang sangat besar.
Demografi
Kebanyakan penduduk Qatar beragama Islam. Selain etnik Arab, Qatar juga terdiri dari banyak ekspatriat yang bekerja di Qatar dalam industri minyak. Kebanyakan ekspatriat berasal dari Asia Selatan, yaitu wilayah India, Pakistan dan Maladewa. Kebanyakan Muslim di Qatar mengikuti aliran Islam Sunnah, sedangkan yang mengikuti Syi'ah hanya 3 %. Sedangkan penganut Kristen kebanyakan berasal dari ekspatriat asal Eropa yang bekerja di Qatar.
Hukum
Meskipun berada di kawasan Arab, hukum di Qatar cenderung lebih bebas dan liberal. Dibawah kepemimpinan Emir Qatar, Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani, Qatar mengalami modernisasi dan liberalisasi. Seperti misalnya, alkohol diperbolehkan dalam jumlah terbatas saja.
Pendidikan
Pada beberapa tahun ini, penmerintah Qatar menaruh perhatian yang besar terhadap pendidikan. Pemerintah Qatar telah membangun sekolah dari tingkat taman kanak-kanak sampai dengan universitas. Beberapa universitas Amerika Serikat telah membuka cabangnya di Qatar dengan dukungan Qatar Foundation, diantaranya adalah Carnegie Mellon University, Georgetown University School of Foreign Service, Texas A&M University, Virginia Commonwealth University, dan Cornell University's Weill Medical College. Emir Qatar, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani telah membentuk Dewan Pendidikan Qatar pada tahun 2002.
Komunikasi
Qatar memiliki sistem komunikasi yang modern di Doha. Sistem ini memakai penggunaan 2 Intelsat dan 1 Arabsat. Perusahaan telekomunikasi resmi di Qatar adalah Qtel. Qtel juga menjadi ISP di Qatar yang dinamai Internet Qatar. Stasiun televisi Al Jazeera berasal dari Qatar dan didukung oleh Emir Qatar.